Tightening Internet Censorship for Chinese Users - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1584 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Censorship Essay Did you like this example? Tightening Internet Censorship for Chinese UsersCensorship has always been active in China, no matter traditionally or digitally. Because of technological convenience in the present time, the Chinese government must move in advance to control the content on the Internet in worry of any freedom that could harm the communist party or lead to the nationrs downfall (Yang and Liu 250). The incorporation of Internet censorship is that it aims to prevent all access to resources (Bamman 1). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Tightening Internet Censorship for Chinese Users" essay for you Create order Internet censorship is usually grouped into three generation techniques: automated filtering, manual removal by authorities, state-sponsored manipulation (Wang and Mark 2). The Chinese government largely specialize in censoring media through network filtering, search filtering, chat censorship, and blog censorship (Bamman 2). So far, much of the filtering comes from sensitive keywords that extend to political issues and information. Similar to the existence of Chinars Great Wall, the Great Firewall is the virtual representation that blocks undesirable information from entering. Because the Great Firewall blocks access in and out, this keeps sensitive information in China and it will only stay in China. The unwanted information will not be considered at all and will be removed through the censorship apparatus. In general, internet censorship may limit young users academic freedom and research opportunities, industrial companies social development with foreign relations, etc., but the system puts protection forward by having the harmful information closed before anyone obtains them. As China operates on a one-party system, censorship is made to keep an effort to strengthen political beliefs and views together. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the effects that tighter controls of the Internet have on Chinese internet users. The focus of this paper will be on the behaviors and responses of those internet users. An important factor in examining the reason behind Internet censorship in China and why it is used involves understanding the values of the Chinese. One underlying cause of strengthening censorship is focused on the concept of unity ideology (Chen and Yang 251). China looks to form a uniform country with similar cultural and social values to prevent the overthrow of the government and or disturbance to the order of society. Through control of the Internet, there seems to be a reduced number of social organization sites on the web that spark activism (MacKinnon 40). The reduced number can be explained by having people come to the government directly before opening websites. The goal of uniformity successfully keeps the nation together instead of splitting it apart due to having lessened information to a few differing views. Another cause to the implementation of Internet censorship is explained by the relevance and convenience of content found on the web (Pang 10). As Internet and mob ile continue to advance, apps have been created just for the Chinese, so they only access information that is only necessary to them. Foreign news and information play no particular importance to the lives of the Chinese (Pang 10). Without access to foreign information at all, Internet censorship may be bliss for Chinese people. It is extremely effective when people do not feel being controlled at all, creating unawareness. As for those who are aware of censorship online, there are many censorship-based strictly caused behaviors. Normalization is a conceptual process that shows the adaptation and acceptance of a certain phenomenon over time. As Internet censorship become powerful, users are growing accustomed to having restrictions on the web whenever they use it (Wang and Mark 18). The increasing of controls will only be another level to pass for a certain period, but some are able to adapt to the basic restrictions the internet already has. The only concern the users need to keep in mind is that if they find censorship to be normal, they know largely enough to not say anything that might induce harm to the government and the party. In addition, the development of behaviors in students is primarily made throug h media and peer influences, so obeying the governmentrs actions and controls on the Internet comes out as natural and normal (Guo and Feng 35). Tightening control of the Internet may restrict new and unwanted information, but users are still more than likely to find positive information that everyone has access to. Students respond to perceptions that, in all, move towards conformance of what is right in their society. Another behavior is self-censorship, the action of shutting out own thoughts about the government due to their understanding of possible risks and consequences (Zhong 976). As pertaining to certain Chinese values, self-censorship is also the strategy the Chinese government is using on its users. The elites and those in power create an atmosphere of fear to Internet users, promoting the character of self-censorship out more successfully so that they can regulate proficiently. This strategy of having users self-censor can distort and change choices but is not a voluntary act in all means. Although freedom of speech and express are mentioned in the Chinese constitution, users do not have the full potential to speak whatever they want, especially if it relates to politics or even economics. Tightening censorship encourages another boost to limit speech freedom and expression, but this creates nationalism, which brings political correctness when sensitive events and disasters hit the coun try (Zhong 978). Users have then censored their own thoughts to avoid government punishments and risks, some even also deciding to use a fake identity whenever asked or dealt with sensible political events. Although some users may find interest in sensitive events and become skeptical about the government, they may not answer honestly to questions about the government, as according to a study by Chen and Yang (11). In the end, self-censorship can prevent students from speaking out and may negatively affect them mentally since they try to avoid consequences and the results of those expressions. Furthermore, the authoritarian personality shows to explain that people readily submit to authorities and backlashes those who name the authorities (Guo and Feng 36). The Chinese government will shut down anything harmful online they find at any time. Internet users can do nothing but to obey and comply with these rules. The authoritarian personality also makes users strictly follow what the authorities have asked to put on in the rules of various companies, requiring users to register with real identities and forcing them to directly go to the government for starting websites (MacKinnon 40). Abiding authority every time new laws and restrictions are made is representative of keeping the country in unity. So far, users are ought to continue submission and conformance to government authorities even with free internet. This contributes to pro-censorship and shows that students behaviors toward censorship become more affirmative as they score high on the authoritarian test (Guo and Feng 36). The widest practice of getting around censorship is the usage of VPNs both in and out of the country. Although using a VPN is a long process before it is workable, the students who stick to this method of facing censorship persists. Users have faced slow webpage loads and connections when accessing foreign websites. Without the VPN, it is hard to get across the Great Firewall and perform research, find entertainment, seek self-status, etc. (Yang and Liu 251). Yet, as VPNs become more frequently used, the Chinese government are tightening their controls on VPNs as well, either shutting them down or making web pages load even longer. The Chinese government may be concerned about the content that is presented in domestic websites, but it also blocks undesirable foreign information from penetrating into Chinese politics, especially during periods of political activity (Bamman 3). Thus, the Chinese have removed many foreign sites and places authorities on task for watching. The government reminds Chinese users that the internet is just like the traditional setting where the same rules still apply. VPNs are one of the few areas the government will have to clean up, but there remain some that still function, yet users are facing even more anger on the speeds and the limited freedoms of the internet, making them reveal little trust to the Chinese government (Chen and Yang 22). Uncensored information can cause changes in students political attitude, as according to Chen and Yangrs experimentation, a 0-10 range score of 1.58 was the result for students trust in the government, where 10 is completely trusting the government (22). What have these reviews indicated the effects of tight Internet censorship controls in China? First, there are a sufficient number of studies that show the impact of Chinese governmental power on what it controls, traditionally or digitally. Second, research findings analyzing the behaviors of Internet users have demonstrated that users are becoming what the government wants them to be in order to universalize all ideologies and views. Thoughts about the government are well-kept through the emergence of self-censorship, and access to open information leads users to be intact with positive issues on the regime. Although the conformance to governmental rules of censorship is found in most Internet users, explanations about political efficacy in Internet users are limited in these reviews. With a better understanding of some Chinese Internet users behaviors and responses, the correlation and relationship between the Chinese government and the people online are clear. This strong relationship shows that increase of tighter controls will only continue to normal out the experience on the Internet, further indicating that reducing the strictness of censorship is not to be expected. The importance of analyzing the behaviors and responses of Chinese Internet users serve to show a majority of users to gradually mingle into one personality, which is the continuation of displaying similar ideals and solid compliance.

A Brief Note On The Time For Fitness - 882 Words

The Time for Fitness Finding time to exercise can be troublesome and discouraging. But with the right resource and personal strength you can bring yourself to a healthier state today. Ensure proper diet is one of the most important factors of living a happy and healthy life. This also motivates others around you to start considering their eating preferences. Combining proper diet with exercise is the greatest way to stay healthy and live longer. Many benefits arise by deciding to live healthy for yourself, you world will open up and you will feel more in-tune with your surroundings. Choosing an adequate lifestyle keeps you on your toes and ready for the day ahead, you will become more aware of life and your actions, making sure your healthy. Now all you need to do is find the right way to go about this, luckily for you there are programs dedicated to people to live the proactive life they have always wanted. Your diet is the most important factor in becoming healthier. 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My Church is My Second Home Essay Example For Students

My Church is My Second Home Essay Some people have that one place where they are just at peace. A place where they there and everything mean or negative seems to just float out of their head and gets replaced with happiness and joy. That place for me is my church. I’ve been going to my local church for many years. I was baptized there, I have been confirmed there, and my memorial service will be held there. Most kids think church is just something their parents force them to go to, but I always had a certain feeling of joy for getting up early on Sunday and going to church. I can only think of one time when there wasn’t really any joy in going to church and that time would be when the memorial service for my grandfather who passed away was held there. Other than that, all of the other times have been nothing but full of happiness, joy and good times. The reason for all this happiness and joy is all the friendships, compassion and love that everyone gives. It has a home away from home type of feeling to it. Now, regarding the friendship part, all my friends that go to my church don’t all go to the same school that I go to. Because of this, the friendship and bond with these friends are on a different level then some of those with kids from my own school. We grow closer together in that small hour or two each Sunday in class, when we’re hanging out for as long as we can have in coffee hour (a time to gather and talk) before our parents forcibly drag us out of the church to the car and we have no choice but to say goodbye. This is part of that home away from home feeling because we grew so close that I can easily consider all of those people my brothers and sisters. That is a feeling that has no price to it, its worth more than any amount of money in the world. My relationship and with my church has taught me compassion. To me, compassion is having a caring attitude to the people around you. Yet again almost every single person in my church exhibits my definition of compassion. From the little five year old kids to the older eighty year old members, they all show great, amazing compassion. The younger kids listen to what you have to say and follow your rules/instructions. There is no back talk or â€Å"no I don’t want to! † One time I even had a little girl come up to me and give me the craft she made that day in Sunday school because she thought I was having a bad day. Was I having a bad day? No. But the thought she had in her head led her to do something nice and thoughtful like that. Can you imagine what would have happened if she did that to another kid that day who actually was having a bad day? The older members might not make a craft, but every Sunday they ask younger or older how they are doing. If you say well, they listen to why and they have an expression on their face that makes you light up because you know they are truly happy that you are having a good day or week. If you say not so good, they listen with deep concentration and give you advice on how to cheer up or how to fix what’s wrong. These people aren’t even the pastor! That’s how these people are, compassionate and caring. My church is a second home. I get a sense of love and security at my church and I wouldn’t change that for anything the world has to offer. This is what this place of content means to me.

The Other Review Essay Example

The Other Review Paper Essay on The Other The vampire corners towering piles of books a variety of books. Some of them, the founders of the genre and the current boom, has already been tested by time, and the part in the covers invitingly, with the same type names, causes some concern. Worst of all, when an interesting and unusual book deprive its original name, and try to give it the appearance of another punching, as happened with The Other. In fact, its name is The Society of S, and on the cover of the English language edition -. Pattern in dark colors, without any girls and pink pattern The book tells the story, trying to reinforce what is happening scientific facts about modern vampires. From the point of view is not mad love, hatred and revenge, and the tranquility and reflection. The main character, precocious and well-educated girl, explores this hidden world. In the Other there is anything other than a love of romance, from officers of the FBI and monkeys, to substitutes and home schooling. Scientists, environmentalists and even ordinary Americans are its heroes. And all this is so unlike the other vampire books, so nice and interesting to read that, if we have brought to the Department of blood-sucking and the undead, read for the company and A different. We will write a custom essay sample on The Other Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Other Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Other Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To specifically this edition I there is one question on the sheet with a brief description of the story casually mentioned that the Other another novel from the author of night owls, Inferno and City hunter. Yes, that hitch the author of these books Scott Westerfeld. I do not know what to think. Style is not very feminine, but some small things, such as appeals to the reader with words like: And you? or Do you differently? it is very similar to the City Hunter. And what happens? Whether publishing mess, whether Vesterfeld masquerades Hubbard? But the web has her photo. In general, the confusion.

buy custom New Technology essay

buy custom New Technology essay Date of Submission Technology plays a major role to the intelligence of Americans. According to Bustos, intelligence is defined as a composite of general and specific abilities that characterize an individuals level of neurological functioning in the context of his or her effectively applied experience and manifested in his or her dynamic coping with the challenges for adjustment which makes in the day to day living. On the other hand, technology involves carrying out activities that enable the Americans to identify various opportunities that arise as a result of its use which enables them to be well prepared for the future. It therefore assists the Americans in their day to day activities by capturing important information that is related to technology which enables people to make more informed decisions thereby making them to go for better choices. Technology has enabled the Americans to become more intelligent in the past and in the present. This is evident where we find out that, the civil war that took place in America enhanced the marriage of technology with intelligence. In the past, the Americans were used to doing things their own way for example; they were not using some materials such as balloons in the civil wars which were being used by other countries. During this period the introduction of new technology enabled the Americans to identify other and better materials that were being used by other countries. Later on, new technology enabled the Americans to become more intelligence which led to the use of telegraphs which replaced the use of balloons. The introduction of telegraphs improved the operations during the civil war whereby information was passed easily and in a manner that way more secure. Technology has continued to improving the intelligence of Americans because it has helped them to become more intelligent by identifying better ways of doing of things and improving their systems that are used in defense. America is known to be a superpowe. This is because the rest of the world knows that they cannot beat the Americans in their activities especially the ones that are related to war. As a result, different countries have always considered Americas assistance in various activities that they carry out because they believe they are more intelligent as compared to other states and countries. New technology led to emergence of other activities that led to the marriage of technology and intelligence after the civil war. These activities facilitated photographic intelligence. This type of intelligence was used to photograph other countries coastal defenses where ships were used. The photographic intelligence was developed until it became a strategic effort that was used by the Americas Navy. It is therefore right to say that technology has enabled the Americans to acquire hostile intelligence. Stair and Reynolds note that this type of intelligence is determined by the degree of human collection networks which is facilitated by new technology which assists in satisfaction of the requirements (218). In the past, the Americans relied on the industrial sector for carrying out various tests, research, development and evaluation processes for them to develop weapons, establish communication and for intelligence development which shifted their hostile intelligence. Hostile intelligence has been used by the Americans to monitor their telecommunication channels for example the satellite links and other ground transmissions. Technology has also helped the Americans to acquire artificial intelligence which involves the ability to understand and use machines which facilitates production. This is has enabled the Americans to produce products in masses which has promoted economic growth. The use of machines also improves efficiency, effectiveness and even the production speed. Technology has also enabled the American students to acquire visual spatial intelligence. This is because the students use televisionss and other equipments such as computer-printers and copy machines that facilitate learning. Glandon defines visual-spatial intelligence as the ability on an individual to see the visual-spatial world accurately and express those images through painting, drawing, designing and sculpting. The use of advanced technology assists students in their thinking processes because it helps them to become more interactive and active in the learning process. The visual media has also been of great help to the people who have special needs. This is because it has been used to improve their intelligence and put them in a better position to handle life issues and challenges. An example of this is the use of IBMs speech viewer which is used by the people who have difficulties in speech which enables them to see their speaking pattern through the equipment. The IBMs speech viewer thereafter gives feedback which enables the students to know the areas that they need to improve on hence they are in a position to make appropriate changes. The visual spatial equipments motivate individuals by engaging them through the exercise of visual spatial intelligence which improves the accessibility of the subjects to individuals. Technology also supports people with other forms of disabilities thereby improving their intelligence. The use of computers helps individuals to identify their strengths and weaknesses in their interaction with technology. In conclusion, the use of technology is vital in any organization setup. This is because it helps individuals to acquire more skills, come of with new ideas and better ways of carrying out their activities. It also equips individuals with knowledge thereby enabling them to make better decisions in their lives and handle issues that affect them because they can reason, brainstorm and come up with solutions to issues affecting them. The Americans should therefore carry out research and development which improve their intelligence form time to time with the help of technology. Buy custom New Technology essay

Major General Darius N. Couch - Civil War

Major General Darius N. Couch - Civil War Darius Couch - Early Life Career: The son of Jonathan and Elizabeth Couch, Darius Nash Couch was born in Southeast, NY on July 23, 1822.   Raised in the area, he received his education locally and ultimately decided upon pursuing a military career.   Applying to the US Military Academy, Couch received an appointment in 1842.   Arriving at West Point, his classmates included George B. McClellan, Thomas Stonewall Jackson, George Stoneman, Jesse Reno, and George Pickett.   An above average student, Couch graduated four years later ranked 13th in a class of 59.   Commissioned as a brevet second lieutenant on July 1, 1846, he was ordered to join the 4th US Artillery. Darius Couch - Mexico Interwar Years: As the United States was engaged in the Mexican-American War, Couch soon found himself serving in Major General Zachary Taylors army in northern Mexico.   Seeing action at the Battle of Buena Vista in February 1847, he earned a brevet promotion to first lieutenant for gallant and meritorious conduct.   Remaining in the region for the remainder of the conflict, Couch received orders to return north for garrison duty at Fortress Monroe in 1848.   Sent to Fort Pickens in Pensacola, FL the following year, he took part in operations against the Seminoles before resuming garrison duty.   As the early 1850s passed, Couch moved through assignments in New York, Missouri, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania.    Possessing an interest in the natural world, Couch took a leave of absence from the US Army in 1853 and conducted an expedition to northern Mexico to collect specimens for the recently-established Smithsonian Institution.   During this time, he discovered new species of kingbird and spadefoot toad which were named in his honor.   In 1854, Couch married Mary C. Crocker and returned to military service.   Remaining in uniform for another year, he resigned his commission to become a merchant in New York City.   In 1857, Couch moved to Taunton, MA where he assumed a position at his in-laws copper fabrication firm. Darius Couch - The Civil War Begins: Employed in Taunton when the Confederates attacked Fort Sumter beginning the Civil War, Couch quickly volunteered his services to the Union cause.   Appointed to command the 7th Massachusetts Infantry with the rank of colonel on June 15, 1861, he then led the regiment south and aided in constructing defenses around Washington, DC.   In August, Couch was promoted to brigadier general and that fall received a brigade in McClellans newly-formed Army of the Potomac.   Training his men through the winter, he was further elevated in early 1862 when he took command of a division in Brigadier General Erasmus D. Keyes IV Corps.   Moving south in the spring, Couchs division landed on the Peninsula and in early April served in the Siege of Yorktown. Darius Couch - On the Peninsula: With the Confederate withdrawal from Yorktown on May 4, Couchs men took part in the pursuit and played a key role in halting an attack by Brigadier General James Longstreet at the Battle of Williamsburg.   Moving towards Richmond as the month progressed, Couch and IV Corps came under heavy assault on May 31 at the Battle of Seven Pines.   This saw them briefly forced back before repelling Major General D.H. Hills Confederates.   In late June, as General Robert E. Lee commenced his Seven Days Battles, Couchs division retreated as McClellan withdrew east.   In the course of the fighting, his men took part in the Union defense of Malvern Hill on July 1.   With the failure of the campaign, Couchs division was detached from IV Corps and sent north. Darius Couch - Fredericksburg: During this time, Couch suffered from increasingly ill health.   This led him submit a letter of resignation to McClellan.   Unwilling to lose a gifted officer, the Union commander did not forward Couchs letter and instead had him promoted to major general to date from July 4.   While his division did not participate in the Second Battle of Manassas, Couch led his troops into the field in early September during the Maryland Campaign.   This saw them support VI Corps attack at Cramptons Gap during the Battle of South Mountain on September 14.   Three days later, the division moved towards Antietam but did not take part in the fighting.   In the wake of the battle, McClellan was relieved of command and replaced with Major General Ambrose Burnside.   Reorganizing the Army of the Potomac, Burnside placed Couch in command of II Corps on November 14.   This formation was in turn assigned to Major General Edwin V. Sumners Right Grand Division.   Marching south towards Fredericksburg, II Corps divisions were led by Brigadier Generals Winfield S. Hancock, Oliver O. Howard, and William H. French.   On December 12, a brigade from Couchs corps was dispatched across the Rappahannock to sweep the Confederates from Fredericksburg and allow Union engineers to construct bridges across the river.   The next day, as the Battle of Fredericksburg commenced, II Corps received orders to assault the formidable Confederate position on Maryes Heights.   Though Couch vehemently opposed the attack feeling that it would like be repulsed with heavy losses, Burnside insisted that II Corps move forward. Advancing early that afternoon, Couchs predictions proved accurate as each division was repelled in turn and the corps sustained over 4,000 casualties.          Darius Couch - Chancellorsville: Following the disaster at Fredericksburg, President Abraham Lincoln replaced Burnside with Major General Joseph Hooker.   This saw another reorganization of the army that left Couch in command of II Corps and made him the senior corps commander in the Army of the Potomac.   For the spring of 1863, Hooker intended to leave a force at Fredericksburg to hold Lee in place while he swung the army north and west to approach the enemy from behind.   Moving out in late April, the army was across the Rappahannock and moving east on May 1.   Largely held in reserve, Couch became concerned about Hookers performance when his superior appeared to lose his nerve that evening and elected to shift to the defensive after the opening actions of the Battle of Chancellorsville.    On May 2, the Union situation worsened when a devastating attack by Jackson routed Hookers right flank.   Holding his section of the line, Couchs frustrations grew the following morning when Hooker was rendered unconscious and possibly sustained a concussion when a shell hit a column he was leaning against.   Though unfit for command after awakening, Hooker refused to turn full command of the army over to Couch and instead timidly played out the battles final stages before ordering a retreat north.   Quarreling with Hooker in the weeks after the battle, Couch requested reassignment and left II Corps on May 22.   Darius Couch - Gettysburg Campaign: Given command of the newly-created Department of the Susquehanna on June 9, Couch quickly worked to organize troops to oppose Lees invasion of Pennsylvania.   Utilizing forces largely comprised of emergency militia, he ordered fortifications built to protect Harrisburg and dispatched men to slow the Confederate advance.   Skirmishing with Lieutenant General Richard Ewell and Major General J.E.B. Stuarts forces at Sporting Hill and Carlisle respectively, Couchs men helped ensure that the Confederates stayed on the west bank of the Susquehanna in the days prior to the Battle of Gettysburg.   In the wake of the Union victory in early July, Couchs troops aided in the pursuit of Lee as the Army of Northern Virginia sought to escape south.   Remaining in Pennsylvania for most of 1864, Couch saw action that July when he responded to Brigadier General John McCauslands burning of Chambersburg, PA.          Darius Couch - Tennessee the Carolinas: In December, Couch received command of a division in Major General John Schofields XXIII Corps in Tennessee.   Attached to Major General George H. Thomas Army of the Cumberland, he took part in the Battle of Nashville on December 15-16.   In the course of the fighting on the first day, Couchs men aided in shattering the Confederate left and played a role in driving them from the field a day later.   Remaining with his division for the rest of the war, Couch saw service during the Carolinas Campaign in the final weeks of the conflict.   Resigning from the army in late May, Couch returned to Massachusetts where he unsuccessfully ran for governor.   Darius Couch - Later Life: Named the customs inspector for the Port of Boston in 1866, Couch only briefly held the post as the Senate did not confirm his appointment.   Returning to business, he accepted the presidency of the (West) Virginia Mining and Manufacturing Company in 1867.   Four years later, Couch moved to Connecticut to serve as the quartermaster-general of the states militia.   Later adding the position of adjutant general, he remained with the militia until 1884.   Spending his final years in Norwalk, CT, Couch died there on February 12, 1897.   His remains were interred at Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Taunton.   Ã‚   Selected Sources Blue Gray Trail: Darius CouchUS Army History: Chancellorsville Staff RideAztec Club: Darius Couch

B plan - additional payment Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

B plan - additional payment - Outline Example Expenses incurred on Petrol have been reduced to â‚ ¬40 per week based on a revised plan to focus on basic services. i.e. design and management building services engineering projects. Smaller projects will be sub-contracted to fellow engineers that cover Leninster, Connaught and North Munster. This will reduce travel time in conducting surveys on properties beyond a distance of 30 miles from the home office. The car is also being reconfigured to run on diesel, which is a cheaper alternative. There will be no expenses on advertising during year 1. The firm will continue to use word of mouth and tap into the existing customer base. Further, expenses on training and development are expected to reduce to â‚ ¬10 per week after the completion of the Masters degree in May 2011 by availing skills net funding wherever possible. Based on these revised estimates, expenses are expected to reduce by up to â‚ ¬77 per week. I request you to examine the enclosed spreadsheet for further information on specific revisions in all key areas. I would also like to emphasize that these estimates were solely revised to reflect more realistic projections and have not been made to reflect better profits on

Strategic Initiative plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic Initiative plan - Research Paper Example The launch of a new advertising campaign can be used as a strategic move to spur a sales jump in the short term. Financial planning is another important function that is correlated to strategic planning. A financial plan must be prepared to determine how much investment is needed for any initiatives or strategic projects the company desires to implement. Financial planning involves determining how to obtain the resources needed to finance a project. Some of the sources that can be used to finance a strategic plan include selling common or preferred stocks, bonds, sale of assets, and loans from financial institutions. Strategic planning and financial planning are correlated because the implementation of a strategic plan is dependent of the budget available. A financial planning technique that can be used to predict the future financial outcome of a company is pro-forma financial statements. The master budget is also used to keep track of inflows and outflows of a project. â€Å"The master budget is a summary of companys plans that sets specific targets for sales, production, distribution and f inancing activities† (Accountingformanagement, 2012). Multinational corporations often utilize strategic and financial planning to achieve the goals of the company. The company I work for has utilized strategic planning effectively in the past. Last year the company entered into a strategic marketing alliance with a competitor in order to increase the overall demand for the product. The firm also utilized strategic planning in its human resource function. Due to the increase production demand the firm had to hire an additional 25 employees. A financial planning initiative that the company performed last year was obtaining a $4 million business loan that was used for leasehold improvements, research and development, and to finance an expansion project. Large companies such as

Envious longings Essay Example for Free

Envious longings Essay Desire of wealth in ‘The Necklace’ by Guy De Maupassant and ‘Neighbors’ by Raymond Carver Desire of wealth can be considered as the principal cause of the chaos in the world. Desire for wealth makes our society a real pandemonium. Desire for wealth triggers innumerable problems in the life of human beings. Absence of desire for wealth would have made this world a real paradise. Desire for wealth made human beings devalue relationships, health, morality and other crucial aspects of life. Endless desire for wealth torments the life of people and deprives them of their happiness. Still the quest for wealth never ends. Several literary works examine the disastrous consequences of desire for wealth. The Necklace by Guy De Maupassant and Neighbors by Raymond Carver are two short stories that have ‘desire for wealth’ as a major theme. The short story, The Necklace is a warning against the desire for wealth. In the short story we find Mme. Loisel, whose thirst for wealth and luxury destroyed her life. Mme. Loisel wanted to live a life of luxury and comfort like any other women. She was not ready to live with the simple income of her husband. She desired for expensive jewelry and costumes though her husband had a small income. She wanted to be a society woman who wears expensive dress and jewelry. Mme. Loisel was crazy to enjoy life to the fullest. This attitude is evident throughout the story. She loved to dress like the rich women of her society. She desired to attend parties like her contemporary society women. When she sat down for dinner at the round table covered with a three-days-old cloth, opposite her husband, who took the cover off the soup-tureen, exclaiming delightedly: Aha! Scotch broth! What could be better? (Guy De Maupassant, 2003). She imagined delicate meals, gleaming silver, tapestries peopling the walls with folk of a past age and strange birds in faery forests; she imagined delicate food served in marvellous dishes, murmured gallantries, listened to with an inscrutable smile as one trifled with the rosy flesh of trout or wings of asparagus chicken (Guy De Maupassant, 2003). Mme. Loisel loved delicious meals and similar entertainment. She did not desire a simple life inside the four walls of her house. She dreamt nothing but luxury. Mme. Loisel was not happy with her humble family situation. She was not comfortable with her house which had no modern amenities. She was highly bothered of social status. She was as unhappy as though she had married beneath her; for women have no caste or class, their beauty, grace, and charm serving them for birth or family, their natural delicacy, their instinctive elegance, their nimbleness of wit, are their only mark of rank, and put the slum girl on a level with the highest lady in the land (Guy De Maupassant, 2003). We read in the short story that Mme. Loisel lived in frustration because of her poorness. She could not help the worn chairs, mean wall, simple curtains and other humble things of her house. She compared herself to other women of her class. She too desired to live a life of his social status. This very thought tormented her. The situation of the little Breton girl evoked hopeless dream in her mind. She imagined silent antechambers, heavy with Oriental tapestries, lit by torches in lofty bronze sockets, with two tall footmen in knee-breeches sleeping in large arm-chairs, overcome by the heavy warmth of the stove (Guy De Maupassant, 2003). She did not contain with her humble belongings. She wanted to live the life of high social status. She imagined vast saloons hung with antique silks, exquisite pieces of furniture supporting priceless ornaments, and small, charming, perfumed rooms, created just for little parties of intimate friends, men who were famous and sought after, whose homage roused every other womans envious longings (Guy De Maupassant, 2003). Mme. Loisel desired a luxurious life. She wanted to dress up like rich women. She believed that she was made for expensive dress and jewels. She always desired to be charming, attractive and sought after. She was unhappy with her life as she had to live with the meager income of her husband. We find in the short story how the craze for wealth made her life topsy-turvy. We find that her vanity made her borrow the necklace which she lost. Her life turns out to be miserable because of this. Her endless thirst for wealth and luxuries made her lead a difficult life later. Neighbors by Raymond Carver also speak about the craze for wealth and its dangerous consequences. The short story includes a plot that includes the life of Bill and Arlene Miller, the couple who takes care of the Stone’s apartment. It is very much evident in the short story that there is a close relationship between the couples. Bill and Arlene understand that their lives are not exciting like the lives of their neighbors. As Stone’s leaves their house for their vacation, Bill goes to their house to feed the cat and water the plants. Gradually Bill becomes interested in the possessions of his neighbor. His desire for wealth and luxury makes him crazy for his neighbor’s possessions. We find him exploring his neighbor’s house and their belongings. He starts enjoying his time in the neighbor’s house. We find him taking leave from work to go to the neighbor’s house and spend time there. He feels that the house has some magical quality to make time fly off. It is also amazing to note that the sex drive of Bill and Arlene also increases when they spend time in their neighbor’s house. Their craze for the neighbor’s luxurious life made them spend more time there. Like Bill, Arlene also loves to visit neighbor’s life often. The couple does love searching along the things in the apartment. The story ends when then couples forget the key in their apartment and getting locked out of it. The story helps us understand how useless it is to compare our lives with others and desire for their wealth. Like Mme. Loisel in the short story ‘The Necklace’, the couples in the short story ‘Neighbors’ also became foolish enough to desire other’s wealth and possessions. The lust for luxury and wealth resulted in their downfall. Desire for wealth is a destructive character. Lusting for luxury and wealth destroys peace, breaks relationships, degrades character and makes life miserable. Contentment is the key to happiness. Desiring for more wealth and possessions causes immense problems. Like Mme. Loisel in the short story ‘The Necklace’, the couples in the short story ‘Neighbors’, those who run after wealth run into problems and miseries. Craving for luxuries and wealth is therefore the most destructive nature of human beings. Works Cited Guy De Maupassant (2003) The Necklace and Other Tales, Modern Library. Raymond Carver (1971) ‘Neighbors’.

The Power of Sixteen Words Exposed in The Red Wheelbarrow Essay

The Power of Sixteen Words Exposed in The Red Wheelbarrow William Carlos Williams's poem "The Red Wheelbarrow" is extraordinary for what it accomplishes within its eight short lines. It is exactly one sentence long, sixteen words. Numbers like that wouldn't normally be important in the consideration of a poem's merit, but "The Red Wheelbarrow" begs to be noticed for its length (or, rather, its lack of length) and for the arrangement of its sixteen words on the page. In fact, an interesting experiment would be to give a group of people the words that Williams uses and ask them to arrange the words into the structure of a poem. How many people would do as Williams does and end up with four almost perfectly congruent stanzas, each one with three words in the first line and one word in the second line? The syllable count in Williams's arrangement is not perfectly congruent, but it is harmoniously different: the two longer stanzas (by only one syllable apiece) sandwich the two shorter stanzas. A sentence which would otherwise sprawl across the page, nearly without structure (it has no punctuation or end-mark), so much depends upon a red wheel barrow glazed with rain water beside the white chickens. is poured into a form of mathematical precision: Instead of flying through the sentence, as one would do if it were simply written in a linear way across the page, the reader tends to stop at each line-break and at every stanza break to contemplate how each stanza is different. And there is a difference. The first stanza is abstract, calling upon the reader to agree to the notion that something depends on... ...ores (involving the red wheelbarrow, perhaps)? In the back room, looking out the window? In any case, the scene we look at is framed and self-contained by the structure of the poem, and all the sensory information of the objects we look at comes through that frame, opens up through that frame. Perhaps the real "dependency" in this poem is not that the speaker of the poem depends on the wheelbarrow as a farmer depends on his tools, although that is certainly part of it. Perhaps the real "so much depends / upon" is that the speaker, the beholder through the frame (and, by extension, the reader of the poem) knows that he or she is alive, that his or her senses are responding to the things of this world, and that, in a sense, the world -- in all its variety and beauty and variegation, even in the most mundane things -- responds to the person who has eyes to see.

Changes & Continuities of Silk Road Essay

The Silk Road which started in 200 BCE and ended it in 1450 CE has its own changes and continuities. Trade flourished between the Asian and Europe at the time and as time went on its sole purpose of trading expanded to many other purposes and affect not only the area it contacted. Although there were many continuities during the time but it has more significant changes that occurred and also impact the world. One significant changes of the Silk Road is when it was first started it mainly started as a way for trade to flourish between Europe and Asia. But the purpose of this Silk Road has also expanded to transcend different culture and technologies from different places and caused cultural diffusion along the Silk Road. This happened because the Silk Road has more than one route, some ends in the middle east , west Asia, and Europe. There were merchants of different races and religion like Muslim,. Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism and more. This caused cultural diffusion between places like Buddhism were introduced to China and the Chinese paper making technology were spread toward the west to Europe. Another significant change that occurred is when the merchants travel on the Silk Road they are very likely to get attacked by bandits or get their goods stolen. But during the Mongolian reign this route was safer and merchants are not afraid of bandits along the way. This occurred because during the time of the Mongolian Empire they formed the ortoghs which means merchant association. Merchants traveled in pack instead of one which provide more security because this way merchants are less likely to get attack, and made trade safer. Like everything when there is change there is also continuities and one of them is the silk trade. Silk Road is called this name is because the main product traded on this route is silk. Even though many other items were traded in the silk road but the Europeans were very interested in these kind of fabric and they are luxurious because the European did not know how to make them. This is consider a continuity because for many decades the Chinese holds the secret for making these luxurious silk and because the Europeans and India wanted these silk so the Chinese could make a profit from it and they are consider a luxury. The reason the Chinese won’t let the outsiders know how to make these silk is because the process of it is hard and they depends mostly on trading these silk for the stuff they needed. Another continuities is the geography of the silk road. The silk road is consist of many route, some is shorter but dangerous while other is longer but safer. Even though some of the routes have changed and there is more variety of stuff that’s being traded than when it was started (e.g. Gunpowder) and the purpose of the road also expanded like people use it to spread religion and unfortunately is also been a route where disease easily spread (e.g. Black plagues) The continuity is the geography of the silk road never changed because both the European and Asia gained much profit from it that it doesn’t need to be change and the Silk Road remained the major trade route between Far Eastern Chinese and European cultures and sparked numerous conflicts in its existence. The Silk Road which have been known as a major trade route in the ‘old world’ and sparked numerous conflicts in its existence. It brought the goods and the bads like the plagues, cultural diffusion, introduction of new technologies and brought new religions to different part of that world. The Silk Road shape the world we have today and when it ended in 1450 CE it had impacted most of Europe and Asia.

Supporting Good Practice in Performance and Reward Management

Supporting Good Practice in Performance and Reward Management 3PRM Activity 1 Performance management Performance Management is both a strategic (about broad issues and long-term goals) and an integrated (linking various aspects of the business, people management, individuals and teams) approach to delivering successful results in organisations by improving the performance and developing the capabilities of teams and individuals.Two main purposes of performance management are; * To help the employees in identifying the knowledge and skills required for performing the job efficiently as this would drive their focus towards performing the right task in the right way, which in turn helps work towards the business objectives as their tasks are generated and focussed around the organisations goals. Promoting a two way system of communication between the supervisors and the employees for clarifying expectations about the roles and accountabilities, communicating the functional and organisat ional goals, providing a regular and a transparent feedback for improving employee performance and continuous coaching and development. The most important stage and component of any performance management process which forms the basis of performance is Appraisals.Appraisal systems are a formal method of monitoring and reviewing individuals’ performance. This is important as they enable the individuals to gain a clear picture of how they are doing and to identify areas where they may need additional support or training. They also ensure that the work of the individual is focussed towards the overall objectives of the organisation and whether they are on track to meet their objectives they have been set. There are three main components of performance management; Planning – This is done in form of appraisals. Performance planning is jointly done by the appraisee and also the appraiser in the beginning of a performance session. During this period, both the manager and staf f decide upon the targets and the key performance areas which can be performed over the next year. * Monitoring – Regular monitoring of performance is one of the key component to performance management it is usually done in the form of informal appraisals and these should also occur though regular contact and one to ones.It gives an opportunity to monitor the achievements of objectives for staff, keeps a check on how the individual is getting on in relation to the tasks, identifies any problems which can prevent the individual from achieving their work objectives. * Review/evaluating – Managers should be giving feedback on a regular and continuing basis. This is the stage in which the employee acquires awareness from the appraiser about the areas of improvements and also information on whether the employee is contributing the expected levels of performance or not.The employee receives open feedback and along with this the training and development needs of the individua l is also identified. The appraiser adopts all the possible steps to ensure that the employee meets the expected outcomes for an organisation through guidance, mentoring and representing the employee in training programmes which develop the competencies and improve the overall productivity. This stage also is an opportunity for strengths to be identified and how these can be utilised to support the business objectives further. Motivation and performance managementThe relationship between motivation and performance management is a close one, they work along each other. Motivation is the key to an individual's degree of willingness to exert and maintain their efforts towards the organisational goals. Motivation levels are likely to have an effect on performance. If an individual has high motivation, it is likely to increase their performance. Although this may not always be the case. Here is a list of some of the things that motivate individuals; * Money * Reward schemes * Sense of ac hievement * The environment * Professional Development * Benefits Etc. There are many motivational theories here I will explain two of them. Herzberg’s two factor theory of motivation at the workplace shows the difference between two factors of motivation. The two factors being satisfiers, which are the main causes for job satisfaction (motivation), from hygiene factors which are the main causes for job dissatisfaction (demotivation to stay in the job). Examples of motivating factors are achievement, recognition, responsibility and the work itself. Hygiene factors include: working conditions, salary, relationship with colleagues, supervision, etc.An organisation needs to influence satisfiers through performance management using range of tools such as: job descriptions, supervision, performance appraisals, continuous development/training, rewards and career development. Maslow’s theory of motivation is called the â€Å"hierarchy of needs†. Maslow believes that pe ople have five main needs in the following order of importance; 1. Physiological – the need to eat, drink, sleep, reproduce. 2. Safety – the need for shelter and to feel secure. 3. Love/Belonging – the need to feel part of a group and to be accepted. . Esteem – the need to feel good about themselves and the need to be recognised for achievements. 5. Self-actualisation – the need for personal fulfilment and the need to grow and develop. Maslow's hierarchic theory is represented as a pyramid, with the lower levels representing the more fundamental needs, and the upper levels representing the growth/being needs, and ultimately the need for self-actualisation. According to the theory, the higher needs in the hierarchy become evident only after all the needs that are lower down in the pyramid are met. RewardsMost organisations use rewards within their performance management system to motivate individuals. Two main purposes they do this are; * To help at tract individuals – The better rewards that the organisation gives the more people are going to be attracted to work for them so more people will apply for jobs there. * Retain the individuals – Rewards for good performance is motivation for staff to stay with the organisation it helps make them feel valued in turn makes them work harder. Rewards are not just financial but non-financial too. Rewards can be things such as; * Pay rise/ bonus.Some bonuses are based on performance of an individual, the team or the organisation and is usually target / objective focused. * Recognition. This could be through increased responsibility, praise during one to ones, a certificate of recognition, etc. * Flexible hours and time off – This could be a generous holiday period or increased holiday to reward employees for long service. Also some organisations use flexible working as a reward. Data needed for managing performance All materials need to be prepared for managing perfor mance (appraisal meetings) these would include internal and external data, although most are internal.An internal piece of data for example would be if it was a sales organisation they would bring along the report for the percentage of sales the individual has made and this would be compared to the targets set. The comparison would show how well individual has done to meet these this would then be discussed in the next stage. Other examples would include notes agreed tasks and records of performance, achievements, incidents, reports, previous performance appraisal documents and a current job description.An example of an external piece of data would be benchmarking, where the manager would collect data from other organisations to analyse and compare the sales the individual has made, this would show how the employee's participation is developing not only themselves, but also the constitution as a whole, compared to the other organisations, earlier collected data from. Another example would be feedback from external customers or other organisations. Managing Performance The key aims of performance management are to continuously improve the performance of individuals and that of the organisation.It involves making sure that the performance of employees contributes to the goals of their teams and the business as a whole. Part of the management is to review the individuals performance whether it be good or poor performance. The aims of the meetings for performance management are to encourage and motivate not to undermine. Factors to be considered whilst managing good performance would be reward for the individuals’ performance, how to keep the individual motivated to keep up the good work and any training needs to help develop further.Factors to consider whilst managing poor performance would be thinking about how to deal with discussing the performance as these can be difficult conversations for managers, thinking about why the performance is poor and think ing about how to improve the individuals’ performance, what measures can be put in place and how this can monitored. Most organisations have their performance reviews at once a year in the form of appraisals and have 6 month reviews. Although managers should keep their staff informed of their performance and giving feedback throughout the whole year.This can be done through one to one’s or regular meetings. The purposes of the performance reviews are * to check how the team member is getting on in relation to the tasks and objectives agreed, * to identify any problems which may be preventing the individual from achieving their work objectives, * to highlight opportunities for improving work processes, * to build confidence and self-esteem within the individual * to plan future work, set tasks and agree objectives * to agree ways to support the individual in the future, * to discuss the individuals feedback and how they feel about their job.The process of appraisals App raisal systems vary in different organisations, some have standardised procedures, some have few guidelines and leave it to the manager to plan and implement. There are three main stages of an appraisal preparation, the meeting and the follow up. * Preparation – Both the manager and the individual need to prepare for the appraisal by reviewing the individuals performance including the overall performance, the quality of the work and checking if targets have been met. * The meeting – The manager needs to make sure that a suitable venue is planned and available, private and free from interruptions.Within the meeting the manager needs to set the tone which will influence whether the discussion is helpful to both manager and individual they need to make sure that the individual is relaxed. Then both the manager and individual going through the appraisal document discuss * Performance and identify areas of good performance and the weaker investigate the reasons for the weak ness and highlight the areas for improvement * clarifying, defining, redefining priorities and objectives making sure that they are specific to the organisations objectives * motivation through agreeing helpful aims and targets motivation though achievement and feedback * training needs and learning desires – assessment and agreement * identification of personal strengths * career and succession planning – personal and organisational * team roles clarification and team building * organisational training needs assessment and analysis * the individual and managers mutual awareness, understanding and relationship * reinforcing organisational philosophies, values, aims, strategies, priorities * additional responsibilities, employee growth and development * counselling and feedback * manager development The follow up is the review by the manager where they need to complete the documentation by writing up what had been discussed. Making sure that the write up is agreed and s igned by the individual. Managers need to keep continuous monitoring and evaluation on the individual throughout the year and ideally hold a review within that time. Activity 2 The hopeful outcome of the meeting was to discuss with the individual their performance over the last six months, including what went well and what hadn’t gone so well. Why things had gone well or not so well and if there was anything to improve performance or training needs.The outcomes of the appraisal with Hannah were that over the last six months as the manager I felt that Hannah has been doing well and providing a good service. Her only downfall is that sales have gone down but this was due to Hannah having a month off work with a broken leg. This was discussed within the meeting using the Appraisal form and was met with targets to be achieved. The appraisal form used was effective as it covers all areas of performance including how the individual felt about the previous six months it also covers how the manager felt they performed.It discusses what they have enjoyed most and least, quality of their work, management of workload, targets and identifies if any training is needed. These things covered are important as it lets both the manager and individual know how the individual is doing within the organisation and whether they need any further development or training. This is a motivator to the individual as they can gain job satisfaction that they are going in the right direction and helping towards the overall aim and objectives of the organisation.This appraisal system could be improved by having more input from the individual so they can have their say on what they have done and how they feel they have done which maybe the manager has not recognised. This would help the individual to feel they receive the recognition they deserve for the work they have input. SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timely) should be incorporated to the form as the targets need to be SMART otherwise it would be unfair for the individual to set unattainable targets to meet as they won’t meet them which will affect their performance reviews.

How to Flatten Adjective Stacks

How to Flatten Adjective Stacks How to Flatten Adjective Stacks How to Flatten Adjective Stacks By Mark Nichol Words are highly adaptable in terms of which part of speech they represent, but careful writers should be alert in order to minimize or prevent a linguistic affliction called adjective stacking, which is discussed in this post. Nouns are easily converted to adjectives, as when using the phrase â€Å"dinner table.† Dinner and table are both nouns, but when dinner immediately precedes table, it ceases to mean â€Å"evening meal† and represents an adjective describing a type of table: one used for evening meals. Similarly, â€Å"sport utility vehicle† consists of three words that serve as nouns, but when positioned in sequence, the first two words no longer stand on their own to represent concepts, but rather describe the third noun. Such sequences can extend indefinitely, but the longer the string of adjectives- or the higher the stack- the more difficult it is for readers to parse the components and their interrelationships. Reading from left to right, we recognize the first word as a noun but then correct ourselves when a noun follows it, reclassifying the first word as an adjective. Then we have to conduct the same mental process repeatedly, and when word relationships are not clarified by use of hyphens, the quest for comprehension is complicated. The following list from an actual document represents the problems with adjective stacking; it can be confusing and fatiguing: Penetration testing for key medical devices Biomedical security vulnerability assessments Medical device procurement process consulting Biomedical incident response readiness assessments Medical device security program remediation support Manufacturer vulnerability remediation liaison assistance Oddly, the syntax of the first item enables a quick, clear reading, while the others fail to follow suit. Using the first item as a model, however, one can easily revise the list to improve readability by reordering words and phrases and introducing prepositions (and, sometimes, words representing other functions): Penetration testing for key medical devices Assessments of vulnerability of biomedical security Consulting about the procurement process for medical devices Assessments of readiness regarding response to biomedical incidents Remediation support for medical-device security programs Liaison assistance for remediation of manufacturer vulnerability These revised phrases are less concise but easier to read. Note, too, that one can reorganize the word sequences to various extents; each of these phrases can be revised in more than one way. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Legs, Feet, and ToesUse a Dash for Number Ranges10 Types of Hyphenation Errors

12 Italian Loanwords

12 Italian Loanwords 12 Italian Loanwords 12 Italian Loanwords By Mark Nichol The Italian language and its Latin-derived relatives have enriched English with many words, primarily those pertaining to art, music, and cuisine. Occasionally, such terms lend themselves well to prose about matters outside those subject areas. For example, one might describe a shadowy cityscape with the word chiaroscuro (â€Å"light-dark† the element -oscuro is cognate with obscure), which refers to the technique in painting and later in photography and cinematography of producing distinct areas of light and darkness. Fermata (â€Å"stop,† related to firm), the term for an arbitrary extension of a chord, note, or rest, might be used metaphorically to refer to an awkward silence. And a person of nearly frantic demeanor could be said to have an espresso attitude, from the name of a type of coffee highly concentrated and therefore producing a potent jolt of the stimulant caffeine made expressly (hence the name) for a given customer. Here are other words derived from Italian that fall both inside and outside of the usual categories: 4. Extravaganza: This extravagant word originally referred to exaggerated performances or prose but now denotes an event marked by spectacular elements. 5. Ghetto: This term now associated with a socioeconomically depressed city neighborhood, of disputed etymological origin, most likely derives from borghetto, the diminutive of borgo, cognate with borough and burg (sometimes seen as -burgh in such city names as Pittsburgh). It acquired a powerful connotation due to the segregation (and persecution) of the Jews in Europe and especially in Nazi Germany; it’s also a sensitive term in reference to areas inhabited primarily by black people or members of other formerly (and sometimes currently) persecuted minorities. However, it is sometimes used neutrally to refer to a distinct area or one noted for a particular quality: Berkeley, California, is home to the original Gourmet Ghetto; the name has since been applied elsewhere. A business district or a part of a company’s offices, alternatively, might be referred to as a technology ghetto. 6. Lingua franca: The original lingua franca the phrase means â€Å"Frankish tongue† was the pidgin Italian, heavily influenced by other languages, employed in the Middle East during the Crusades of the medieval era. (Why â€Å"Frankish†? The Arabs traditionally referred to all Europeans as Faranji, meaning â€Å"Franks,† or â€Å"French.†) Now, it usually refers to a specialized vocabulary or jargon employed by a certain group. 7. Quarantine: The primary sense of this term (literally, â€Å"forty†), a reference to isolation of contagious or infected people, alludes to the medieval custom of restricting ships from plague-stricken areas from docking at a harbor for forty days; the original Italian expression is quarantina giorni (â€Å"(period of) forty days†). The term can be applied figuratively, for example, in reference to an effort to separate rivals or to keep a dieting person away from fattening food. 8. Regatta: This term for a boat race (usually one involving sailboats) stems from the name of a competition held by medieval Venetian gondoliers and means â€Å"contest,† though its verb form had a secondary meaning of â€Å"to haggle.† Figurative uses could include a reference to a parade of ostentatiously dressed people as a regatta. 9. Scenario: This theatrical term (â€Å"pertaining to stage scenes†) came in English to refer to an outline of a play, the equivalent of a treatment for a film. Later, it applied to a hypothetical or imagined situation. 10. Segue: Originally strictly a musical term referring to a seamless transition from one movement of a composition to another, segue (â€Å"there follows† it’s related to sequel and sequence) now applies to any such deft maneuver. Because -ue is rarely if ever pronounced as a separate syllable in English brogue, league, and vague exemplify the norm some writers who have heard but not seen the word misspell it segway (perhaps influenced by a small motorized vehicle called the Segway). 11. Sotto voce: This expression (â€Å"under the voice†) refers to the act of whispering so as not to be overheard, though it often applies to a stage whisper, a character’s speech supposedly unheard by other characters in a performance but amplified so that the audience can hear it. Offstage, the phrase might refer to a comment someone makes as if in confidence to someone else but deliberately uttered loudly enough to be heard by others. 12. Volte-face: This French word derives from the Italian phrase volta faccia (literally, â€Å"turn face†), which means to change one’s direction or opinion. The American English synonym of choice, used often in political and business contexts, is flip-flop, though the near-literal translation about-face, originally a military command to reverse the direction one is facing, is also seen and heard; U-turn is common in British English. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases16 Misquoted QuotationsHow often is "bimonthly"?

HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

HRM - Essay Example Achieving strategic integration is one of the policies described in the Harvard model by David Guest (1987, 1989a, 1989b, 1991) and it is the ability of the organization to integrate HRM issues into its strategic plans, ensure that the various aspects of HRM cohere, and provide for the line managers to incorporate an HRM prospective into their decision making (Armstrong, M 2000; p 13). Wright and McMahan (1992: 298) define SHRM as â€Å"the pattern of planned human resource deployments and activities intended to enable an organization to achieve its goals†. Schuler and Jackson (1987) have quoted few examples of HR strategies associated with a few strategic outcomes associated with achieving competitive advantage for organizations to achieve, such as cost reduction, quality enhancement and Innovation. For example, strategic practices to achieve Quality Enhancement would require good recruitment and selection, comprehensive induction programmes, empowerment and high discretion jobs, high levels of training and development, harmonization, highly competitive pay and benefits packages, and a key role of performance appraisal. The integration or strategic-fit model is regarded central to the concept of strategic HRM. This is also referred to as the matching model. According to this model, the HR strategy should be an integral part of the business strategy contributing to the business planning process. The strategic integration happens in two ways, the vertical and the horizontal. The HR strategy aligned to the business strategy is referred t o as the vertical integration, and the integration between different elements of the people strategy is referred to as the horizontal strategy (Shields, 2007). The SHRM version of Miles and Snow model (1984) suggests that organizations follow generic strategy and then develop a structure

LinkedIn Profile building for a vacancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

LinkedIn Profile building for a vacancy - Essay Example My experience in being a team leader has taught me the importance of understanding one’s audience when setting goals, tasks and understanding the needs of the client. I also possess excellent communication skills that are vital in virtual business communications that are key to business success. I also possess excellent drawing and design abilities, and have a long range of experience in developing prototypes. Working with teams have also equipped me with the necessary team contribution and team leadership experience that allows me to develop functional working units within all departments I head. My management style involves the selection of partners who not only match one’s ambition, but also his or her abilities allowing him or her to interact with the team members at the same pace. I hold a Bachelor’s Degree in Design from (x and y) University. I have been working with various design organizations for over 15 years. I am excellent with designing any prototype, despite how unrealistic it might conventionally seem. I also possess excellent research and analytical skills that could come in handy when dealing with large statistics. I have a yearning for growth and enjoy nurturing projects and organizations. Having worked with an international organization, I also possess the vital global strategy skills required in expanding the contemporary

History of the Republican Party in Texas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of the Republican Party in Texas - Essay Example 105). Republicans struggle led to formal organization of the party, and they held their first state convention on July 4 at Houston. Republican leadership came from wartime Texas Unionists and antebellum, who were supporters of Sam Houston (scalawags), newly franchised blacks, and recent immigrants from the North (carpetbaggers) (Newell et al. 136). Texas Unionists controlled the party’s proceedings. The party’s first convention that was held in Houston was chaired by Elisha M. Pease, former governor, and Col. John L. Haynes, commander of the First Texas Cavalry, was the party’s fist executive-committee chairman (Newell et al. 141). Blacks are one of the groups that strongly supported the Republican Party in Texas in the early days. The GOP membership comprised of 90 percent African Americans, and about 44 African Americans served in the Texas legislature as Republicans (Newell et al. 147). Blacks strongly supported Republican Party because one of its main agendums was to abolish slavery. The Republican club of Texas was founded in 1947 by Captain J. F. Lucey of Dallas (Newell et al. 204). Through this club, a drive was initiated to establish a potent Republican Party in the Lone Star State (Newell et al. 204). The Republican Party of Texas entered transitional era between 1950 and 1978. During this period, this party increasingly gained strength and popularity. The number of Texans who identified themselves with the party at the state level increased significantly. Republican’s presidential candidates secured more than 48 percent of votes during 1960s and 1970s, except in 1964 and 1968 (Newell et al. 217). 1961 marked the party’s greatest achievement, when John G. Tower won the United States senate in a special election to replace Lyndon B. Johnson. This gave the party strong leadership, and its geographic and urban bases remained strong (Newell et al.

Design And Modeling Of Axial Micro Gas Turbine Engineering Essay

Design And Modeling Of Axial Micro Gas Turbine Engineering Essay ABSTRACT Micro turbines are becoming widely used for combined power generation and heat applications. Their size varies from small scale units like models crafts to heavy supply like power supply to hundreds of households. Micro turbines have many advantages over piston generators such as low emissions less moving parts, accepts commercial fuels. Gas turbine cycle and operation of micro Turbine was studied and reported . different parts of turbine is designed with the help of CATIA(Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Analysis) software .The turbine is of Axial input and axial output type. Key words : Gas turbine , CATIA , Rapid Prototype , parts of turbine , nozzle , rotor Chapter 1 LITERATURE REVIEW Development of Micro turbine: A turbine can be used as a refrigerant machine was first introduced by Lord Rayleigh. In a letter June 1898 to Nature, he suggested the use of turbine instead of a piston expander for air liquefaction because of practical difficulties caused in the low temperature reciprocating machines. He emphasized the most important function of and cryogenic expander, which is to production of the cold, rather than the power produced. In 1898 The British engineer Edgar C Thrupp patented a simple liquefying system using an expansion turbine. Thrupps expander was a double flow machine entering the center and dividing into two oppositely flowing streams. A refrigerative expansion turbine with a tangential inward flow pattern was patented by the Americans Charles F and Orrin J Crommett in 1914. Gas was to be admitted to the turbine wheel by a pair of nozzles, but it was specified that any desired numbers of nozzle could be used. The turbine blades were curved to present slightly concave faces to the jet from the nozzle. These blades were comparatively short, not exceeding very close to the rotor hub. In 1922, the American engineer and teacher Harvey N Davis had patented an expansion turbine of unusual thermodynamic concept. This turbine was intended to have several nozzle blocks each receiving a stream of gas from different temperature level of high pressure side of the main heat exchanger of a liquefaction apparatus. First successful commercial turbine developed in Germany which usea an axial flow single stage impulse machine. Later in the year 1936 it was replaced by an inward radial flow turbine based on a patent by an Italian inventor, Guido Zerkowitz. Work on the small gas bearing turbo expander commenced in the early fifties by Sixsmith at Reading University on a machine for a small air liquefaction plant. In 1958, the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority developed a radial inward flow turbine for a nitrogen production plant. During 1958 to 1961 Stratos Division of Fairchild Aircraft Co. built blower loaded turbo expanders, mostly for air separation service. Voth et. developed a high speed turbine expander as a part of a cold moderator refrigerator for the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). The first commercial turbine using helium was operated in 1964 in a refrigerator that produced 73 W at 3 K for the Rutherford helium bubble chamber. A high speed turbo alternator was developed by General Electric Company, New York in 1968, which ran on a practical gas bearing system capable of operating at cryogenic temperature with low loss. Design of turboexpander for cryogenic applicationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- by Subrata Kr. Ghosh , N. Seshaiah, R. K. Sahoo, S. K. Sarangi focuses on design and development of turbo expander.The paper briefly discuses the design methodology and the fabrication drawings for the whole system, which includes the turbine wheel, nozzle, diffuser, shaft, brake compressor, two types of bearing, and appropriate housing. With this method, it is possible to design a turbo expander for any other fluid since the fluid properties are properly taken care of in the relevant equations of the design procedure. Yang et. al developed a two stage miniature expansion turbine made for an 1.5 L/hr helium liquefier at the Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The turbines rotated at more than 500,000 rpm. The design of a small, high speed turbo expander was taken up by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) USA. The first expander operated at 600,000 rpm in externally pressurized gas bearings. The turbo expander developed by Kate et. Al was with variable flow capacity mechanism (an adjustable turbine), which had the capacity of controlling the refrigerating power by using the variable nozzle vane height. India has been lagging behind the rest of the world in this field of research and development. Still, significant progress has been made during the past two decades. In CMERI Durgapur, Jadeja developed an inward flow radial turbine supported on gas bearings for cryogenic plants. The device gave stable rotation at about 40,000 rpm. The programme was, however, discontinued before any significant progress could be achieved. Another programme at IIT Kharagpur developed a turbo expander unit by using aerostatic thrust and journal bearings which had a working speed up to 80,000 rpm. Recently Cryogenic Technology Division, BARC developed Helium refrigerator capable of producing 1 kW at 20K temperature. Solid Modeling using CAD software CAD software, also referred to as Computer Aided Design software and in the past as computer aided drafting software, refers to software programs that assist engineers and designers in a wide variety of industries to design and manufacture physical products. It started with the mathematician Euclid of Alexandria, who, in his 350 B.C. treatise on mathematics The Elements expounded many of the postulates and axioms that are the foundations of the Euclidian geometry upon which todays CAD software systems are built. More than 2,300 years after Euclid, the first true CAD software, a very innovative system (although of course primitive compared to todays CAD software) called Sketchpad was developed by Ivan Sutherland as part of his PhD thesis at MIT in the early 1960s. First-generation CAD software systems were typically 2D drafting applications developed by a manufacturers internal IT group (often collaborating with university researchers) and primarily intended to automate repetitive drafting chores. Dr. Hanratty co-designed one such CAD system, named DAC (Design Automated by Computer) at General Motors Research Laboratories in the mid 1960s. In 1965, Charles Langs team including Donald Welbourn and A.R.Forrest, at Cambridge Universitys Computing Laboratory began serious research into 3D modeling CAD software. The commercial benefits of Cambridge Universitys 3D CAD software research did not begin to appear until the 1970 however, elsewhere in mid 1960s Europe, French researchers were doing pioneering work into complex 3D curve and surface geometry computation. Citroens de Casteljau made fundamental strides in computing complex 3D curve geometry and Bezier (at Renault) published his breakthrough research, incorporating some of de Casteljaus algorithms, in the late 1960s. The work of both de Casteljau and Bezier continues to be one of the foundations of 3D CAD software to the present time. Both MIT (S.A.Coons in 1967) and Cambridge University (A.R.Forrest, one of Charles Langs team, in 1968) were also very active in furthering research into the implementation of complex 3D curve and surface modeling in CAD software. CAD software started its migration out of research and into commercial use in the 1970s. Just as in the late 1960s most CAD software continued to be developed by internal groups at large automotive and aerospace manufacturers, often working in conjunction with university research groups. Throughout the decade automotive manufacturers such as: Ford (PDGS), General Motors (CADANCE), Mercedes-Benz (SYRCO), Nissan (CAD-I released in 1977) and Toyota (TINCA released in 1973 by Hiromi Arakis team, CADETT in 1979 also by Hiromi Araki) and aerospace manufacturers such as: Lockheed (CADAM), McDonnell-Douglas (CADD) and Northrop (NCAD, which is still in limited use today), all had large internal CAD software development groups working on proprietary programs. In 1975 the French aerospace company, Avions Marcel Dassault, purchased a source-code license of CADAM from Lockheed and in 1977 began developing a 3D CAD software program named CATIA (Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Application) which survives to this day as the most commercially successful CAD software program in current use. After that many research work has been done in the field of 3-D modeling using CAD software and many software have been developed. Time to time these software have been modified to make them more user friendly. Different 3-D modeling software used now-a-days are AUTODESK INVENTOR, CATIA, PRO-E etc. History of rapid prototyping Rapid prototyping is a revolutionary and powerful technology with wide range of applications. The process of prototyping involves quick building up of a prototype or working model for the purpose of testing the various design features, ideas, concepts, functionality, output and performance. The user is able to give immediate feedback regarding the prototype and its performance. Rapid prototyping is essential part of the process of system designing and it is believed to be quite beneficial as far as reduction of project cost and risk are concerned. The first rapid prototyping techniques became accessible in the later eighties and they were used for production of prototype and model parts. The history of rapid prototyping can be traced to the late sixties, when an engineering professor, Herbert Voelcker, questioned himself about the possibilities of doing interesting things with the computer controlled and automatic machine tools. These machine tools had just started to appear on the factory floors then. Voelcker was trying to find a way in which the automated machine tools could be programmed by using the output of a design program of a computer. In seventies Voelcker developed the basic tools of mathematics that clearly described the three dimensional aspects and resulted in the earliest theories of algorithmic and mathematical theories for solid modeling. These theories form the basis of modern computer programs that are used for designing almost all things mechanical, ranging from the smallest toy car to the tallest skyscraper. Voleckers theories changed the designing methods in the seventies, but, the old methods for designing were still very much in use. The old method involved either a machinist or machine tool controlled by a computer. The metal hunk was cut away and the needed part remained as per requirements. However, in 1987, Carl Deckard, a researcher form the University of Texas, came up with a good revolutionary idea. He pioneered the layer based manufacturing, wherein he thought of building up the model layer by layer. He printed 3D models by utilizing laser light for fusing metal powder in solid prototypes, single layer at a time. Deckard developed this idea into a technique called Selective Laser Sintering. The results of this technique were extremely promising. The history of rapid prototyping is quite new and recent. However, as this technique of rapid prototyping has such wide ranging scope and applications with amazing results, it has grown by leaps and bounds. Voelckers and Deckards stunning findings, innovations and researches have given extreme impetus to this significant new industry known as rapid prototyping or free form fabrication. It has revolutionized the designing and manufacturing processes. Though, there are many references of people pioneering the rapid prototyping technology, the industry gives recognition to Charles Hull for the patent of Apparatus for Production of 3D Objects by Stereo lithography. Charles Hull is recognized by the industry as the father of rapid prototyping. Today, the computer engineer has to simply sketch the ideas on the computer screen with the help of a design program that is computer aided. Computer aided designing allows to make modification as required and you can create a physical prototype that is a precise and proper 3D object. Chapter 2 CATIA(Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Analysis) Introduction to CATIA CATIA is a robust application that enables you to create rich and complex designs. The goals of the CATIA course are to teach you how to build parts and assemblies in CATIA, and how to make simple drawings of those parts and assemblies. This course focuses on the fundamental skills and concepts that enable you to create a solid foundation for your designs What is CATIA . CATIA is mechanical design software. It is a feature-based, parametric solid modeling design tool that takes advantage of the easy-to-learn Windows graphical user interface. You can create fully associative 3-D solid models with or without constraints while utilizing automatic or user-defined relations to capture design intent. To further clarify this definition, the italic terms above will be further defined: Feature-based Like an assembly is made up of a number of individual parts, a CATIA document is made up of individual elements. These elements are called features. When creating a document, you can add features such as pads, pockets, holes, ribs, fillets, chamfers, and drafts. As the features are created, they are applied directly to the work piece. Features can be classified as sketched-based or dress-up: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sketched-based features are based on a 2D sketch. Generally, the sketch is transformed into a 3D solid by extruding, rotating, sweeping, or lofting. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dress-up features are features that are created directly on the solid model. Fillets and chamfers are examples of this type of feature. Parametric The dimensions and relations used to create a feature are stored in the model. This enables you to capture design intent, and to easily make changes to the model through these parameters. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Driving dimensions are the dimensions used when creating a feature. They include the dimensions associated with the sketch geometry, as well as those associated with the feature itself. Consider, for example, a cylindrical pad. The diameter of the pad is controlled by the diameter of the sketched circle, and the height of the pad is controlled by the depth to which the circle is extruded. Relations include information such as parallelism, tangency, and concentricity. This type of information is typically communicated on drawings using feature control symbols. By capturing this information in the sketch, CATIA enables you to fully capture your design intent up front. Solid Modeling:- A solid model is the most complete type of geometric model used in CAD systems. It contains all the wireframe and surface geometry necessary to fully describe the edges and faces of the model. In addition to geometric information, solid models also convey their topology, which relates the geometry together. For example, topology might include identifying which faces (surfaces) meet at which edges (curves). This intelligence makes adding features easier. For example, if a model requires a fillet, you simply select an edge and specify a radius to create it. Fully Associative:- A CATIA model is fully associative with the drawings and parts or assemblies that reference it. Changes to the model are automatically reflected in the associated drawings, parts, and/or assemblies. Likewise, changes in the context of the drawing or assembly are reflected back in the model. Constraints:- Geometric constraints (such as parallel, perpendicular, horizontal, vertical, concentric, and coincident) establish relationships between features in your model by fixing their positions with respect to one another. In addition, equations can be used to establish mathematical relationships between parameters. By using constraints and equations, you can guarantee that design concepts such as through holes and equal radii are captured and maintained. CATIA User Interface :Below is the layout of the elements of the standard CATIA application. A. Menu Commands B. Specification Tree C. Window of Active document D. Filename and extension of current document E. Icons to maximize/minimize and close window F. Icon of the active workbench G. Toolbars specific to the active workbench H. Standard toolbar I. Compass J. Geometry areaC:Documents and SettingsSatiraDesktopwindow.JPG C The parts of the major assembly is treated as individual geometric model , which is modeled individually in separate file .All the parts are previously planned generated feature by feature to construct full model Generally all CAD models are generated in the same passion given bellow : : Enter CAD environment by clicking, later into part designing mode to construct model. : Select plane as basic reference. : Enter sketcher mode. In sketcher mode: : Tool used to create 2-d basic structure of part using line, circle etc : Tool used for editing of created geometry termed as operation : Tool used for Dimensioning, referencing. This helps creating parametric relation. : Its external feature to view geometry in out : Tool used to exit sketcher mode after creating geometry. Sketch Based Feature : Pad : On exit of sketcher mode the feature is to be padded .( adding material ) Pocket: On creation of basic structure further pocket has to be created (removing material ) Revolve: Around axis the material is revolved, the structure should has same profile around axis. Rib: sweeping uniform profile along trajectory (adding material) Slot: sweeping uniform profile along trajectory (removing material) Loft: Sweeping non-uniform/uniform profile on different plane along linear/non-linear trajectory : Its 3d creation of features creates chamfer, radius, draft, shell, th à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ : Its tool used to move geometry, mirror, pattern, scaling in 3d environment On creation of individual parts in separate files, Assembly environment: In assembly environment the parts are recalled constrained.. Product structure tool: To recall existing components already modeled. : Assembling respective parts by mean of constraints Update: updating the made constrains. Additional features are: Exploded View, snap shots, clash analyzing numbering, bill of material. etc Finally creating draft for individual parts assembly with possible details The parts of the major assembly is treated as individual geometric model , which is modeled individually in separate file .All the parts are previously planned generated feature by feature to construct full model Generally all CAD models are generated in the same passion given bellow : : Enter CAD environment by clicking, later into part designing mode to construct model. : Select plane as basic reference. : Enter sketcher mode. In sketcher mode: : Tool used to create 2-d basic structure of part using line, circle etc : Tool used for editing of created geometry termed as operation : Tool used for Dimensioning, referencing. This helps creating parametric relation. : Its external feature to view geometry in out : Tool used to exit sketcher mode after creating geometry. Sketch Based Feature : Pad: On exit of sketcher mode the feature is to be padded. (Adding material) Pocket: On creation of basic structure further pocket has to be created (removing material) Revolve: Around axis the material is revolved, the structure should have same profile around axis. Rib: sweeping uniform profile along trajectory (adding material) Slot: sweeping uniform profile along trajectory (removing material) Loft: Sweeping non-uniform/uniform profile on different plane along linear/non-linear trajectory : Its 3d creation of features creates chamfer, radius, draft, shell, threadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ : Its tool used to move geometry, mirror, pattern, scaling in 3d environment Chapter 3 GAS TURBINE Gas Turbine A gas turbine is a rotating engine that extracts energy from a flow of combustion gases that result from the ignition of compressed air and a fuel (either a gas or liquid, most commonly natural gas). It has an upstream compressor module coupled to a downstream turbine module, and a combustion chamber(s) module (with igniter[s]) in between. Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where air is mixed with fuel and ignited. Combustion increases the temperature, velocity, and volume of the gas flow. This is directed through a nozzle over the turbines blades, spinning the turbine and powering the compressor Energy is extracted in the form of shaft power, compressed air, and thrust, in any combination, and used to power aircraft, trains, ships, generators, and even tanks. Chronology Of Gas turbine Development : Types of Gas Turbine There are different types of gas turbines. Some of them are named below: 1. Aero derivatives and jet engines 2. Amateur gas turbines 3. Industrial gas turbines for electrical generation 4. Radial gas turbines 5. Scale jet engines 6. Micro turbines The main focus of this paper is the design aspects of micro turbine. Applications Of Gas turbine : Jet Engines Mechanical Drives Power automobiles, Trains,tanks In Vehicles(Concept car, racing car, buses, motorcycles) Gas Turbine Cycle The simplest gas turbine follows the Brayton cycle .Closed cycle (i.e., the working fluid is not released to the atmosphere), air is compressed isentropically, combustion occurs at constant pressure, and expansion over the turbine occurs isentropically back to the starting pressure. As with all heat engine cycles, higher combustion temperature (the common industry reference is turbine inlet temperature) means greater efficiency. The limiting factor is the ability of the steel, ceramic, or other materials that make up the engine to withstand heat and pressure. Considerable design/manufacturing engineering goes into keeping the turbine parts cool. Most turbines also try to recover exhaust heat, which otherwise is wasted energy. Recuperators are heat exchangers that pass exhaust heat to the compressed air, prior to combustion. Combined-cycle designs pass waste heat to steam turbine systems, and combined heat and power (i.e., cogeneration) uses waste heat for hot water production. Mechan ically, gas turbines can be considerably less complex than internal combustion piston engines. Simple turbines might have one moving part: the shaft/compressor/ turbine/alternator-rotor assembly, not counting the fuel system. More sophisticated turbines may have multiple shafts (spools), hundreds of turbine blades, movable stator blades, and a vast system of complex piping, combustors, and heat exchangers. The largest gas turbines operate at 3000 (50 hertz [Hz], European and Asian power supply) or 3600 (60 Hz, U.S. power supply) RPM to match the AC power grid. They require their own building and several more to house support and auxiliary equipment, such as cooling towers. Smaller turbines, with fewer compressor/turbine stages, spin faster. Jet engines operate around 10,000 RPM and micro turbines around 100,000 RPM. Thrust bearings and journal bearings are a critical part of the design. Traditionally, they have been hydrodynamic oil bearings or oil cooled ball bearings. Advantages of Gas Turbine 1. Very high power-to-weight ratio, compared to reciprocating engines. 2. Smaller than most reciprocating engines of the same power rating. 3. Moves in one direction only, with far less vibration than a reciprocating engine. 4. Fewer moving parts than reciprocating engines. 5. Low operating pressures. 6. High operation speeds. 7. Low lubricating oil cost and consumption Chapter 4 MICRO TURBINE Micro turbine Micro turbines are small combustion turbines which are having output ranging from 20 kW to 500 kW. The Evolution is from automotive and truck turbochargers, auxiliary power units (APUs) for airplanes, and small jet engines. Micro turbines are a relatively new distributed generation technology which is used for stationary energy generation applications. Normally they are combustion turbine that produces both heat and electricity on a relatively small scale. A micro (gas) turbine engine consists of a radial inflow turbine, a combustor and a centrifugal compressor. It is used for outputting power as well as for rotating the compressor. Micro turbines are becoming widespread for distributed power and co-generation (Combined heat and power) applications. They are one of the most promising technologies for powering hybrid electric vehicles. They range from hand held units producing less than a kilowatt, to commercial sized systems that produce tens or hundreds of kilowatts. Part of their s uccess is due to advances in electronics, which allows unattended operation and interfacing with the commercial power grid. Electronic power switching technology eliminates the need for the generator to be synchronized with the power grid. This allows the generator to be integrated with the turbine shaft, and to double as the starter motor. They accept most commercial fuels, such as gasoline, natural gas, propane, diesel, and kerosene as well as renewable fuels such as E85, biodiesel and biogas. Types of Micro turbine Micro turbines are classified by the physical arrangement of the component parts:1. Single shaft or two-shaft, 2. Simple cycle, or recuperated, 3. Inter-cooled, and reheat. The machines generally rotate over 50,000 rpm. The bearing selection-oil or air-is dependent on usage. A single shaft micro turbine with high rotating speeds of 90,000 to 120,000 revolutions per minute is the more common design, as it is simpler and less expensive to build. Conversely, the split shaft is necessary for machine drive applications, which does not require an inverter to change the frequency of the AC power. Basic Parts of Micro turbine Compressor 2. Turbine 3. Recuperator 4. Combustor 5. Controller 6. Generator 7. Bearing Advantages Micro turbine systems have many advantages over reciprocating engine generators, such as higher power density (with respect to footprint and weight), extremely low emissions and few, or just one, moving part. Those designed with foil bearings and air-cooling operate without oil, coolants or other hazardous materials. Micro turbines also have the advantage of having the majority of their waste heat contained in their relatively high temperature exhaust, whereas the waste heat of reciprocating engines is split between its exhaust and cooling system. However, reciprocating engine generators are quicker to respond to changes in output power requirement and are usually slightly more efficient, although the efficiency of micro turbines is increasing. Micro turbines also lose more efficiency at low power levels than reciprocating engines. Micro turbines offer several potential advantages compared to other technologies for small-scale power generation, including: a small number of moving par ts, compact size, lightweight, greater efficiency, lower emissions, lower electricity costs, and opportunities to utilize waste fuels. Waste heat recovery can also be used with these systems to achieve efficiencies greater than 80%. Because of their small size, relatively low capital costs, expected low operations and maintenance costs, and automatic electronic control, micro turbines are expected to capture a significant share of the distributed generation market. In addition, micro turbines offer an efficient and clean solution to direct mechanical drive markets such as compression and air conditioning. Thermodynamic Heat Cycle In principle, micro turbines and larger gas turbines operate on the same thermodynamic heat cycle, the Brayton cycle. Atmospheric air is compressed, heated at constant pressure, and then expanded, with the excess power produced by the turbine consumed by the compressor used to generate electricity. The power produced by an expansion turbine and consumed by a compressor is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas passing through those devices. Higher expander inlet temperature and pressure ratios result in higher efficiency and specific power. Higher pressure ratios increase efficiency and specific power until an optimum pressure ratio is achieved, beyond which efficiency and specific power decrease. The optimum pressure ratio is considerably lower when a recuperator is used. Consequently, for good power and efficiency, it is advantageous to operate the expansion turbine at the highest practical inlet temperature consistent with economic turbine blade materials and to opera te the compressor with inlet air at the lowest temperature possible. The general trend in gas turbine advancement has been toward a combination of higher temperatures and pressures. However, inlet temperatures are generally limited to 1750 °F or below to enable the use of relatively inexpensive materials for the turbine wheel and recuperator. 4:1 is the optimum pressure ration for best efficiency in recuperated turbines. Applications Micro turbines are used in distributed power and combined heat and power applications. With recent advances in electronic, micro- processor based, control systems these units can interface with the commercial power grid and can operate unattended. Power Range for diff. Applications . Chapter 5 DIFFERENT PARTS AND THEIR DESIGNING OF MICRO TURBINE ROTOR The rotor is mounted vertically. The rotor consists of the shaft with a collar integrally machined on it to provide thrust bearing surfaces, the turbine wheel and the brake compressor mounted on opposite ends. The impellers are mounted at the extreme ends of the shaft while the bearings are in the middle. NOZZLE The nozzles expand the inlet gas isentropically to high velocity and direct the flow on to the wheel at the correct angle to ensue smooth, impact free incidence on the wheel blades. A set of static nozzles must be provided around the turbine wheel to generate the required inlet velocity and swirl. The flow is subsonic, the absolute Mach number being around 0.95. Filippi has derived the effect of nozzle geometry on stage efficiency by a comparative discussion of three nozzle styles: fixed nozzles, adjustable nozzles with a centre pivot and adjustable nozzles with a trailing edge pivot. At design point operation, fixed nozzles yield the best overall efficiency. Nozzles should be located at the optimal radial location from the wheel to minimize vaneless space loss and the effect of nozzle wakes on impeller performance. Fixed nozzle shapes can be optimized by rounding the noses of nozzle vanes and are directionally oriented for minimal incidence angle loss. The throat of the nozzle has a n important influence on turbine performance and must be sized to pass t